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QNX Software Development Platform
QNX SDP is a cross-compiling and debugging environment, including an IDE and command-line tools, for building binary images and programs for target boards running the QNX OS 8.0.
Programming
Getting Started with the QNX OS
Getting Started with the QNX OS: A Guide for Realtime Programmers is intended to introduce you to the QNX OS and help you develop applications and resource managers for it.
Message Passing
In this chapter, we'll look at the most distinctive feature of QNX OS, message passing. Message passing lies at the heart of the operating system's microkernel architecture, giving the OS its modularity.
Using message passing
Now that we've seen the basic concepts involved in message passing, and learned that even common everyday things like the C library use it, let's take a look at some of the details.
Receive IDs, channels, and other parameters
We haven't talked about the various parameters in the examples above so that we could focus just on the message passing. Now let's take a look.
Who sent the message?
Often a server will need to know who sent it a message. There are a number of reasons for this.

QNX Momentics IDE User's Guide
This User's Guide describes version 8.0 of the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that's part of the QNX Tool Suite.
QNX Software Development Platform
QNX SDP is a cross-compiling and debugging environment, including an IDE and command-line tools, for building binary images and programs for target boards running the QNX OS 8.0.
- Quickstart Guide
- System Architecture
  The System Architecture guide accompanies the QNX OS and is intended for both application developers and end-users.
- OS Components & Operations
- Graphics
- Programming
  - Getting Started with the QNX OS
    Getting Started with the QNX OS: A Guide for Realtime Programmers is intended to introduce you to the QNX OS and help you develop applications and resource managers for it.
    - Processes and Threads
      This chapter explains the concepts behind processes and threads, and the challenges of synchronization and scheduling. A thread is a flow of execution, and a process is a collection of threads. In the QNX OS, the schedulable entity is a thread, not a process.
    - Message Passing
      In this chapter, we'll look at the most distinctive feature of QNX OS, message passing. Message passing lies at the heart of the operating system's microkernel architecture, giving the OS its modularity.
      - A small microkernel and message passing
        One of the principal advantages of QNX OS is that it's scalable. By scalable I mean that it can be tailored to work on tiny embedded boxes with tight memory constraints, right up to large networks of multiprocessor SMP boxes with almost unlimited memory.
      - Message passing and client/server
        Imagine an application reading data from the filesystem. In QNX lingo, the application is a client requesting the data from a server.
      - What it means for you
        Message passing is elegant. So what? What does it buy you, the programmer?
      - Multiple threads
        Although the client/server model is easy to understand, and the most commonly used, there are two other variations on the theme. The first is the use of multiple threads (the topic of this section), and the second is a model called server/subserver that's sometimes useful for general design, but really shines in network-distributed designs. The combination of the two can be extremely powerful, especially on a network of SMP boxes!
      - Using message passing
        Now that we've seen the basic concepts involved in message passing, and learned that even common everyday things like the C library use it, let's take a look at some of the details.
        Architecture & structure
        We've been talking about clients and servers. I've also used three key phrases.
        The client
        The client wants to send a request to a server, block until the server has completed the request, and then when the request is completed and the client is unblocked, to get at the answer.
        The server
        Now that we've seen the client, let's look at the server. The client used ConnectAttach() to create a connection to a server, and then used MsgSend() for all its message passing.
        Identifying messages
        While the message-passing APIs transfer buffers of bytes without caring about the content, the client and server almost always care.
        The send-hierarchy
        One thing that's perhaps not obvious in a message-passing environment is the need to follow a strict send-hierarchy. What this means is that two threads should never send messages to each other; rather, they should be organized such that each thread occupies a level; all sends go from one level to a lower level, never to the same or higher level.
        Receive IDs, channels, and other parameters
        We haven't talked about the various parameters in the examples above so that we could focus just on the message passing. Now let's take a look.
        More about channels
        In the server example above, we saw that the server created just one channel. It could certainly have created more, but generally, servers don't do that. (The most obvious example of a process with multiple channels is the filesystem drivers, devb-*).
        Who sent the message?
        Often a server will need to know who sent it a message. There are a number of reasons for this.
        The receive ID (a.k.a. the client cookie)
        In the code sample above, notice how we stored the receive ID.
        Replying to the client
        MsgReply() accepts a receive ID, a status, a message pointer, and a message size. We've just finished discussing the receive ID; it identifies who the reply message should be sent to. The status variable indicates the return status that should be passed to the client's MsgSend() function. Finally, the message pointer and size indicate the location and size of the optional reply message that should be sent.
        Not replying to the client
        There's absolutely no requirement that you reply to a client before accepting new messages from other clients via MsgReceive()! This can be used in a number of different scenarios.
        Replying with no data, or an errno
        When you finally reply to the client, there's no requirement that you transfer any data. This is used in two scenarios.
        Finding the server's PID/CHID
        You've noticed that in the ConnectAttach() function, we require a process ID (PID) and a channel ID (CHID) in order to be able to attach to a server. So far we haven't talked about how the client finds this PID/CHID information.
        What about priorities?
        What if a low-priority process and a high-priority process send a message to a server at the same time?
        Reading and writing data
        So far you've seen the basic message-passing primitives. As I mentioned earlier, these are all that you need. However, there are a few extra functions that make life much easier.
        Multipart messages
        Until now, we've shown only message transfers happening from one buffer in the client's address space into another buffer in the server's address space. (And one buffer in the server's space into another buffer in the client's space during the reply.)
      - Pulses
        All the messaging we've talked about so far blocks the client. It's nap time for the client as soon as it calls MsgSend(). The client sleeps until the server gets around to replying.
      - Priority inversion
        One of the interesting issues in a realtime operating system is a phenomenon known as priority inversion. This can be fixed by a mechanism known as priority inheritance.
    - Interrupts
      In this chapter, we'll take a look at interrupts, how we deal with them under QNX OS, their impact on scheduling and realtime, and some interrupt-management strategies.
    - Resource Managers
      In this chapter, we'll take a look at what you need to understand in order to write a resource manager. Resource managers are another distintive feature of QNX OS that allow you to access services through standard POSIX calls.
    - Sample Programs
      This appendix contains the complete versions of some of the sample programs discussed in this book.
    - Glossary
  - Programmer's Guide
    The QNX OS Programmer's Guide covers a variety of topics that might interest developers who are building applications that will run under the QNX OS.
  - Writing a Resource Manager
- System Security Guide
  The QNX System Security Guide is intended for both system integrators who are responsible for the security of a QNX OS system and developers who want to create a QNX OS resource manager free from vulnerabilities.
- Utilities & Libraries
- Migrating to QNX OS 8.0
QNX Software in the Cloud
QNX Software in the Cloud enables developers to use the QNX OS in the Amazon cloud environment.
QNX Toolkit for Visual Studio Code
This User's Guide describes the QNX^® Toolkit for Visual Studio Code. The guide introduces you to the QNX Toolkit by explaining the QNX development environment and how to build, run, and debug your QNX^® Operating System (OS) applications and systems.
QNX Hypervisor User's Guide
This User's Guide explains the QNX hypervisor architecture and provides instructions for installing and running a QNX Hypervisor system, changing system components and configuration, and using hypervisor features such as virtual devices (vdevs).
Typographical Conventions, Support, and Licensing
This section describes the typographical conventions used throughout the documentation, explains how to obtain technical support, and provides some information about licensing.

Who sent the message?

QNX SDP8.0Getting Started with the QNX OSDeveloperUser

Often a server will need to know who sent it a message. There are a number of reasons for this.

accounting
access control
context association
class of service
compatibility

It would be cumbersome (and a security hole) to have the client provide this information with each and every message sent. Therefore, there's a structure filled in by the kernel whenever the MsgReceive() function unblocks because it got a message. This structure is of type struct _msg_info, and contains at least the following:

struct _msg_info
{
    pid_t     pid;
    int32_t   tid;
    int32_t   chid;
    int32_t   scoid;
    int32_t   coid;
    int16_t   priority;
    int16_t   flags;
    ssize64_t msglen;
    ssize64_t srcmsglen;
    ssize64_t dstmsglen;
};

You pass it to the MsgReceive() function as the last argument. If you pass a NULL, then nothing happens. (The information can be retrieved later via the MsgInfo() call, so it's not gone forever!)

Let's look at the fields:

pid, and tid

Process ID, and thread ID of the client.

priority

The priority of the sending thread.

chid, coid

Channel ID that the message was sent to, and the connection ID used.

scoid

Server Connection ID. This is an internal identifier used by the kernel to route the message from the server back to the client. You don't need to know about it, except for the interesting fact that it will be a small integer that uniquely represents the client.

flags

Contains a variety of flag bits, including the following:

We'll look at _NTO_MI_UNBLOCK_REQ in the section Using the _NTO_MI_UNBLOCK_REQ, below.

msglen

Number of bytes received.

srcmsglen

The length of the source message, in bytes, as sent by the client. This may be greater than the value in msglen, as would be the case when receiving less data than what was sent.

dstmsglen

The length of the client's reply buffer, in bytes.

Page updated: March 05, 2025