Kernel architecture

Linux: 

• Uses a monolithic kernel, where most operating system services (e.g., device drivers, file systems, memory management) run in kernel space.

• This design can lead to higher performance but increases complexity and risk. A single buggy driver or module can crash the entire system.

QNX:

• Based on a microkernel architecture, where only essential services (e.g., inter-process communication (IPC), scheduling, and basic memory management) run in the kernel.

• All other functionalities (e.g., device drivers, file systems, networking) run as user-space processes called resource managers.

• This design enhances modularity, fault tolerance, and security.